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The Emptied Amazon · source record · paper

Centuries of compounding human influence on Amazonian forests

Crystal N. H. McMichael; et al.; PNAS · 2025

AI-verified citationSRC-MCMICHAEL-2025
identifier / locator
PNAS 122(47) e2514040122
url
https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/308519424/mcmichael-et-al-2025-centuries-of-compounding-human-influence-on-amazonian-forests.pdf
verification note
pnas.org is bot-walled; verified 2026-08-28 via the University of Amsterdam repository copy of the published PDF. Note: the paper contains no explicit sentence disclaiming that distant forests were empty — do not cite it for one.

Evidence drawn from this source

Supports· strongAMZ-E010

7,363 sites: river distance is the dominant occupation predictor

what the source states
"We updated previously published models of the likely distributions of pre-Columbian people using 7,363 locations within Amazonia sensu stricto from the AmazonArch database." "Distance from river… was the most important predictor variable and accounted for 21.5% of the permutation importance in the pre-Columbian model." The updated models "differentiate probabilities of occupation in interfluvial areas that were more sparsely populated than those close to rivers."
limitations
  • Site databases inherit survey-effort bias toward accessible riverine areas.