The Emptied Amazon · reading guide
Resources
Everything below is derived from this case's own source records — 31 of them — plus a small curated shelf of learning materials. Verification labels say exactly how much checking stands behind each record; nothing here is a recommendation to believe, only to read.
Primary literature26
Papers, preprints, and reports the case draws on — the records to read before trusting any summary, ours included.
- SRC-PARSSINEN-2026paper · 2026
Over 20,000 precolonial earthworks in the Southwest Amazonia
Martti Pärssinen; Risto Kalliola; Alceu Ranzi; Eetu Puttonen; Rhuan Carlos Lopes; Pirjo Kristiina Virtanen; Francisco Apurinã; Kalle Ruokolainen; Juha Hyyppä; Antero Kukko; Mariana Campos; Fabio de Novaes; Markku Oinonen; Antonia D. Barbosa; Sanna Saunaluoma; Evandro Ferreira; Nature (open access)
- SRC-MCMICHAEL-2025paper · 2025
Centuries of compounding human influence on Amazonian forests
Crystal N. H. McMichael; et al.; PNAS
- SRC-LOMBARDO-2025paper · 2025
Maize monoculture supported pre-Columbian urbanism in southwestern Amazonia
Umberto Lombardo; Lautaro Hilbert; et al.; Nature
- SRC-BUSH-2025-UPANOpaper · 2025
Upano Valley palaeoecology: forest recovery erased the pre-Columbian signal
Mark B. Bush; et al. (Sales, Neill, and colleagues); Nature Communications
AI-verified citationnature.com ↗ - SRC-CABRERO-2025paper · 2025
A terra do 'grande senhor Aparia' e seus descendentes: sobre os Omágua/Kambeba à margem da História
Ferran Cabrero; Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas
AI-verified citationscielo.br ↗ - SRC-PIPERNO-2024paper · 2024
Pre-Columbian vegetational and fire history in western Amazonia: Terrestrial soil phytolith and charcoal evidence from three regions
Dolores R. Piperno; Crystal N. H. McMichael; Nigel Pitman; Marcos Ríos Paredes; Luis Torres-Montenegro; Mark B. Bush; Quaternary International
- SRC-LOPES-2024paper · 2024
Entre a história antiga amazônica e seu presente etnográfico: colonialismo e persistências nas trajetórias indígenas de longa duração do médio Solimões, Amazonas
Filippo A. Lopes; Fernando O. Almeida; Eduardo Tamanaha; Eduardo G. Neves; Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas
- SRC-ROSTAIN-2024paper · 2024
Two thousand years of garden urbanism in the Upper Amazon
Stéphen Rostain; Antoine Dorison; Geoffroy de Saulieu; Heiko Prümers; Jean-Luc Le Pennec; Fernando Mejía Mejía; Ana Maritza Freire; Jaime R. Pagán-Jiménez; Philippe Descola
- SRC-WALKER-2023paper · 2023
Predicting the geographic distribution of ancient Amazonian archaeological sites with machine learning
Robert S. Walker; et al.; PeerJ
AI-verified citationpeerj.com ↗ - SRC-PERIPATO-2023paper · 2023
More than 10,000 pre-Columbian earthworks are still hidden throughout Amazonia
Vinicius Peripato; Carolina Levis; Guido A. Moreira; Dani Gamerman; Hans ter Steege; Nigel C. A. Pitman; Jonas G. de Souza; José Iriarte; Mark Robinson; André Braga Junqueira; Umberto Lombardo; Luiz E. O. C. Aragão; et al.
- SRC-ARROYOKALIN-2021paper · 2021
Did pre-Columbian populations of the Amazonian biome reach carrying capacity during the Late Holocene?
Manuel Arroyo-Kalin; Philip Riris; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
- SRC-MICHAEL-2021paper · 2021
The Classification of South American Languages
Lev Michael; Annual Review of Linguistics
AI-verified citationescholarship.org ↗ - SRC-PRESTES-CARNEIROpaper · 2019
Pre-Hispanic fishing practices in interfluvial Amazonia: Zooarchaeological evidence from managed landscapes on the Llanos de Mojos savanna
Gabriela Prestes-Carneiro; et al.; PLOS ONE
- SRC-DESOUZA-2018paper · 2018
Pre-Columbian earth-builders settled along the entire southern rim of the Amazon
Jonas Gregorio de Souza; et al.; Nature Communications
- SRC-STENBORG-2018paper · 2018
Contours of the Past: LiDAR Data Expands the Limits of Late Pre-Columbian Human Settlement in the Santarém Region, Lower Amazon
Per Stenborg; Denise P. Schaan; Camila G. Figueiredo; Journal of Field Archaeology
- SRC-BLATRIX-2018paper · 2018
The unique functioning of a pre-Columbian Amazonian floodplain fishery
Rumsaïs Blatrix; et al.; Scientific Reports
AI-verified citationnature.com ↗ - SRC-ACHMATOWICZ-2018paper · 2018
La expedición de Francisco de Orellana y la exploración del río de Amazonas hasta su desembocadura en el Atlántico: Sobre el valor como fuente histórica del relato de Fray Gaspar de Carvajal
Jerzy Achmatowicz
- SRC-LEVIS-2017paper · 2017
Persistent effects of pre-Columbian plant domestication on Amazonian forest composition
Carolina Levis; et al.; Science
- SRC-MCMICHAEL-2017paper · 2017
Comment on 'Persistent effects of pre-Columbian plant domestication on Amazonian forest composition'
Crystal N. H. McMichael; Kenneth J. Feeley; Christopher W. Dick; Dolores R. Piperno; Mark B. Bush; Science (Technical Comment)
- SRC-RODRIGUES-2015paper · 2015
Pre-Columbian agriculture in the Bolivian Lowlands: Construction history and management of raised fields in Bermeo
Leonor Rodrigues; Umberto Lombardo; Seraina Fehr; Frank Preusser; Heinz Veit; Catena
- SRC-LOMBARDO-2011paper · 2011
Raised fields in the Bolivian Amazonia: a prehistoric green revolution or a flood risk mitigation strategy?
Umberto Lombardo; Elisa Canal-Beeby; Seraina Fehr; Heinz Veit; Journal of Archaeological Science
- SRC-DENEVAN-2003paper · 2003
The Native Population of Amazonia in 1492 Reconsidered
William M. Denevan; Revista de Indias
- SRC-NEWSON-2003paper · 2003
Patterns of Indian Depopulation in Early Colonial Ecuador
Linda A. Newson; Revista de Indias
- SRC-SCHAAN-2000paper · 2000
Evidências para a permanência da Cultura Marajoara à época do contato europeu
Denise Pahl Schaan; Revista de Arqueologia (Sociedade de Arqueologia Brasileira)
- SRC-DENEVAN-1996paper · 1996
A Bluff Model of Riverine Settlement in Prehistoric Amazonia
William M. Denevan; Annals of the Association of American Geographers
- SRC-CLEMENT-REPLYpaper
Clement et al., reply on the domestication of Amazonia — the soil-core sampling critique
Charles R. Clement; et al.; Proceedings of the Royal Society B (reply)
AI-verified citationncbi.nlm.nih.gov ↗
Books & primary texts2
Book-length treatments, including proponent primary texts.
- SRC-HANCOCK-AB-2019book · 2019
America Before: The Key to Earth's Lost Civilization
Graham Hancock; Coronet / St. Martin's Press
Unverifiedno public link on record - SRC-CARVAJAL-1542book · 1542
Relación del nuevo descubrimiento del famoso río Grande de las Amazonas (the Carvajal account of the 1541–42 Orellana voyage)
Gaspar de Carvajal
Web & commentary3
Webpages, press, and commentary — useful for orientation, weak as evidence.
- SRC-SCIENCE-XINGU-2024webpage · 2024
Science news feature on the Upper Xingu collaboration (Heckenberger/Kuikuro), republished by the Pulitzer Center
Sofia Moutinho; Science / Pulitzer Center
- SRC-IMDB-AAS2webpage · 2024
Ancient Apocalypse: The Americas — S2.E1 cast listing (IMDb)
IMDb
- SRC-HANCOCK-SITEwebpage · 2019
The Amazon Mystery (grahamhancock.com, first-party statement of America Before's Amazon coverage)
Graham Hancock
AI-verified citationgrahamhancock.com ↗
grouping is derived: a source lands under “critiques” when its evidence records in this case predominantly undermine the featured hypothesis · every entry links to its full provenance record